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Quantitative Assessment of Small-Scale Soft Sediment Deformations in the Lisan Formation: Evaluating the Significance of a Single Seismite-forming Event Occurrences

Zohar Laluoch¹, Shmuel Marco¹, Shimon Wdowinski²

(1) The Department of Geosciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel

(2) The Department of Geosciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel

(5) Florida national university

Soft sediment deformations (SSDs) in lacustrine environments preserve paleoseismic records in lakes worldwide. However, no record is as complete and well-exposed as the Lisan Formation in the Dead Sea. The Lisan’s seismites form when water at the lakebed accelerates, creating a shear flow that, with a small perturbation, deforms the sediments and produces lithified flow structures. These features are vital for reconstructing past seismic events and assessing earthquake recurrence. A key objective of this research is to test the validity of borehole seismite records, thereby enhancing our understanding of the seismic cycle along strike-slip plate boundaries. Several challenges arise in interpreting these records, with the main issue being the spatial distribution of seismites. Although each seismite-bearing layer is generally accepted to mark an earthquake after final sedimentation—and large-scale seismites can sometimes be traced horizontally for kilometers toward the Dead Sea’s depocenter—small-scale occurrences, often only a few centimeters thick, behave differently. These small-scale SSDs are discontinuous compared to larger ones and may be visible only over short outcrop intervals, appearing pulse-like with recurring wavelike structures of varying intensity. To address these challenges, we have undertaken a preliminary analysis using quantitative methods. Preliminary results from simple statistical analysis and digital signal processing (DSP) techniques indicate little correlation between vertical outcrop records at different locations. Based on these findings, we began focusing on examining the horizontal record by developing a more robust probabilistic model. Notably, the longest record of earthquakes—spanning 220 kyr—is based on paleoseismic information from a single borehole, underscoring the necessity of this investigation. This work will not only improve our interpretation of paleoseismic records but also validate borehole data as effective paleo-seismometers, offering new perspectives on earthquake recurrence intervals and the seismic cycle.

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