
Multiphase deformation of a multilayered salt giant: Salt tectonics in the Levant Basin
Jimmy Moneron (1,2,3) and Zohar Gvirtzman (1,2)
(1) Geological Survey of Israel, 32 Yesha'ayahu Leibowitz, Jerusalem 9692100, Israel
(2) The Fredy and Nadine Herrmann Institute of Earth Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
(5) (3) Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3 AN, UK
The Mediterranean salt giant, that accumulated during the Messinian salinity crisis (5.97–5.33 Ma), is the youngest of its kind on Earth. Unlike older layered evaporitic sequences, which become gravitationally unstable and pierce through overlying formations, it remains at shallow depths, preserving its original internal stratification with relatively minimal deformation. This provides an opportunity to study the early stages of salt deformation. Still, the restoration of a repeatedly deformed multilayered sequence remains a challenge even when original stratigraphic markers are identified. To reconstruct the history of deformation, one needs to distinguish between the various deformation phases and restore the evolving structures. In practice, such a restoration is rarely possible, because kinematic markers (vectors) are nearly impossible to observe after multiple overprinting deformation phases. The strength of this study is rooted in the comprehensive regional mapping of a diverse array of faults and fold crests across five stratigraphic levels. This detailed mapping reveals several dominant deformation groups, shedding light on the tectonic processes at play. By assuming that the gliding direction is approximately perpendicular to the azimuth of the faults and folds crests; and that asymmetric verging folds hint for the direction of motion, we infer the kinematic patterns. Additionally, our analysis of crosscutting relationships, truncation features, and variations in syn-tectonic thickness allows us to propose a chronological sequence of deformation events. This study represents the first comprehensive salt tectonic analysis of this scale, using an extensive dataset of high-resolution seismic reflection data, which not only enhances our understanding of the early stages of salt deformation in the Mediterranean region but also sets a benchmark for future research on salt tectonics globally.